Daniel Byman, Ian Lesser, Bruce Pirnie, Cheryl Benard, Matthew Waxman

Preface
Figures
Tables
Summary
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations

Chapter One: Introduction

Research Approach and Structure

PART ONE: COMPLEX CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS AND THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY

Chapter Two: Characteristics of Complex Contingency Operations

Chapter Three: Frequency of Conflict and Resource

Incidence of Conflict Worldwide
Unpredictability of Intervention
Drivers of Intervention
Limited Warning Time
Preference for Multilateralism

Chapter Four: Military Tasks in Complex Contingencies

Provide Humanitarian Assistance
Protect Humanitarian Assistance
Assist Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Enforce Peace
Restore Order

Chapter Five: Common Constraints on Operations

Weak Resolve at Home
Balancing Conflict and Reconciliation
Advanced Planning Difficulties

PART TWO: THE RELIEF COMMUNITY AND THE MILITARY

Chapter Six: Overview of the Relief Community

United Nations Family
Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Nongovernment Organizations
Categorizing Nongovernment Organizations

Chapter Seven: Advantages to Better Coordination with the Relief Community

More Rapid Response
Smoother Airlift
More Timely Identification of Local Needs
Better Exploitation of Expertise
More Efficient Use of Resources

Chapter Eight: Coordination Structures and Their Limits

Interagency Process
International Coordination
Operational-Level Arrangements
Coordination Structures
Center of Excellence

Chapter Nine: Barriers to Improved Coordination with Relief Agencies

Disparate Organizational Cultures
Concerns About Neutrality and Impartiality
Limited NGO Ability to Plan
Ambivalence About Sharing Information
Competition for Publicity
Varying Time Horizons
Mutual Lack of Familiarity
Limited Coordination Within NGOs
Uncertainty About the Military's Commitment
Improving Prospects for Cooperation

PART THREE: WORKING WITH EUROPEAN ALLIES

Chapter Ten: Common Constraints on Operations

European Activity and Outlook on Humanitarian Missions
The Military Dimension
Regional Bases and Experience
Relations with NGOs and NGO Concerns
Transatlantic Synergies in Humanitarian Contingencies
What Role for NATO?
Some Observations on Kosovo

PART FOUR: IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter Eleven: A Strategy to Improve Coordination

Ensure Familiarity: Recommended Actions
Improve Information Sharing: Recommended Actions
Improve Long-Term Planning: Recommended Actions
Avoid the Potential Pitfalls of Selective Engagement
Improve the Coordination of the Relief Flow: Recommended Actions
Establish Initiatives with Allies
Final Words

Appendix A: U.S. NGOs

Appendix B: Major International NGOs

Appendix C: French Experience and Perspectives

The research described in this report was performed under the auspices of RAND's Project AIR FORCE division.

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